Examples of Repetition in Rhetoric Traductio

A Research Study On The Foster Care - 2167 Words

Abstract This research study will examine whether or not the foster care age out transition process, including the availability of specific education programs (i.e. banking, home building and economics, college prep) as well as the availability of resources provided to foster children prior to â€Å"aging out† of the foster care system, has a direct impact on a perceived â€Å"successful† or â€Å"non-successful† transition to independent living. This research will gather information from three specific groups of people; current licensed foster parents, foster care social workers and former foster children that have aged-out of the foster care system within the last two years. This study will be utilizing the nonprobability method of purposive sampling as all research participants will be selected on the basis of their participation with the foster care system in three different specific roles. This research will study the perceptions of whether or not there are adequate programs designed and utilized for the purpose of successful transition. This information will be gathered by three separate questionnaires specifically designed to address each role of the foster care study. The information will be utilized for the intent of evaluating the age-out process of foster care for minors transitioning into adults. â€Å"I believe the best service to the child is the service closest to the child, and children who are victims of neglect, abuse, or abandonment must not also be victims ofShow MoreRelatedChild Maltreatment And The Child Welfare System Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Foster care is defined as an out of home placement outside of the biological family. Individuals are placed in foster care due to some form of child maltreatment, rather it be sexual abuse, neglect, and/or physical abuse. Adolescents who age out of the foster care system are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one years old who are still in the child welfare system and have not been adopted. Aging out of the foster care systems means that adolescents currently in the child welfareRead MoreResearch With Foster Children : Ethical Dilemmas1135 Words   |  5 PagesResearch with foster children Ethical dilemmas are one of the many sensitive issues that come with doing psychological research with human participants. As seen in several famous psychology studies such as the Stanford prison experiment, Milgram experiment, and Tuskegee experiment, ethics in psychological studies are important to protect both the individuals being subjected to research and the researcher. While these specific experiments did not include children, it does bring up an important conversationRead MoreM3 Research Design Critique Report1596 Words   |  7 PagesM3 Research Design Critique Report A correlational research design would be useful when studying the relationship of mentoring students in a reading class and the achievement on their Aims-web reading comprehension and fluency scores. The correlational design would be useful to determine to what degree if any exists. In a correlations study there can be a relationship between two or more variables. This type of research uses a correlation coefficient to explain relationships or show a lack ofRead MoreRole Of The Foster Parent On The Continuum Of Carer And Parent Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesRole of the Foster Parent One of the most significant studies found in the literature was a qualitative study conducted by Schofiell, Beek, Ward, and Biggart on the role of the foster parent (2013). The purpose of the study was to understand the boundaries of the role of the foster parent on the continuum of carer and parent (Schofield, Beek, Ward, Biggart, 2013). The study was a portion of a larger study on permanency in foster care (Schofield, Beek, Ward, Biggart, 2013). Schofiell, Beek,Read MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of The Foster Care Youth Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pageshealth needs are among the most challenging problem facing foster care youth today (Mckay, Lynn Bannnon, 2005) . Children in care are more likely to have been exposed to multiple forms of traumatic experiences, such as physical or sexual abuse, neglect, family and/or community violence, trafficking or commercial sexual exploitation, or sexual abuse, bullying, or loss of loved ones. Consequently, trauma experienced by children in foster care is often complex and left untreated permeant permanentlyRead MoreFactors That Influence Attachment Between Foster Children And Their Caregivers1161 Words   |  5 Pages The objective of this study was to examine the factors that influence attachment between foster children and their caregivers. This study contained a sample size of 61 children that ranged in age from two years old to seven years old. Some measures of this study are childr en that internalize and externalize their behavioral problems and the symptoms that relate to attachment disorder. The hypotheses of this study are that inhibited and disinhibited subtype of reactive attachment disorder haveRead MoreA Link Between Foster Care Placement During Childhood And Adult Delinquency1348 Words   |  6 PagesResearch conducted in Sweden has shown a link between foster care placement during childhood and adult criminality. Two groups were identified, a control group and a treatment group. The control group consisted of individuals that were the same age and gender of the treatment group. The results showed that foster care predicts higher adult criminality for males first placed during adolescence (ages 13–18). No significant association for boys who were placed in foster care before age 13 and no significantRead MoreCommon Examples Of Child Protective Service1687 Words   |  7 Pagesgenerally removed from their home and placed into a foster home i n attempts to keep them safe (Carlson, Egeland Lawrence, 2006). Common examples of Child Protective Service (CPS) referrals include physical abuse, sexual abuse, and psychological maltreatment (McWey Mullis, 2004). In 2001 it was estimated that nearly 542,000 children were in foster care in the United States and that the number of children in foster care exceeded the number of available foster homes by nearly 30-40% (Carlson, Egeland LawrenceRead MoreLanguage Acquisition With Limited Input : Romanian Institution And Foster Care1121 Words   |  5 PagesJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research an articled titled â€Å"Language Acquisition with Limited Input: Romanian Institution and Foster Care†. From the Abstract, the purpose of the article is to give detailed information on the development of language abilities on children who have been â€Å"institutionalized† (2007, p. 1365). Their participants were grouped into three categories: children growing up in an orphanage, children growing up in foster care (only for one year), and their control groupRead MoreA Deeper Look Into Child Welfare Services1039 Words   |  5 Pagesare programs designed to protect children. There are foster care, group homes, and other services for children safety. The Child Protective Services in Alabama has the sole purpose of helping children in cases of neglect and abuse (Child Protective Services). These services include foster care programs where children who are at risk of harm from birth family, or who suffers from mental, emotional, or physical issues. These services provide care to all children who meet the state qualifications and

Mkt 571 Week One Individual Assignment free essay sample

Classic Airlines Scenario NAME MKT 571 DATE INSTRUCTOR Classic Airlines Scenario The purpose of this paper is to review the marketing issues identified in a fictional Airline called Classic Airlines. I was presented with a scenario in which I will attempt to identify several things about the company and its situation as presented in the scenario. I will first discuss the nature of the product that Classic is offering. Next I will analyze the types of challenges the company is facing and discuss the corporate culture within the company. Last I will attempt to apply some market concepts to the presented scenario that I believe may improve the situation for the airline. The product offered by Classic Airlines is a service. Though different facets make up the product offered, it boils down to a service to the consumer to move him or her from one place to another in a cost-effective and pleasant manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Mkt 571 Week One Individual Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Classic must find a way to provide this service in this manner and still produce a profit or the company will likely go under. The challenges facing this airline are many. The most important of which may be the corporate culture within the company. The leadership of the company has a leaning toward looking solely at the numbers without considering the impact of marketing or even customer service to the bottom line. â€Å"Financial success often depends on marketing ability. Finance, operations, accounting, and other business functions will not really matter if there is not sufficient demand for goods and services so the company can make a profit† (Kotler Keller, 2007). Within this framework of difficulties the marketing department must also deal with the market for larger airlines like this one which have been on the decline over the last several years. Customers are seeking better deals in a sinking world economy while also expecting decent customer services and at least a modicum of comfort. It also appears that many of the airlines competitors have found a way to draw some of Classic’s customers away. Smaller airlines can operate at lower costs and are likely to draw customers away from larger airlines. As an example analyst only expected Southwest Airlines to report a profit among the largest airlines in the United States for the first quarter of this year (Southwest Airlines ekes out 1 cent per share profit for quarter, 2011). To address these problems the company will have to address some issues with marketing and customer service. The company is basically working on a production model at this time with very little concern about customer issues. No one is listening to the customer because the company has attempted to go to an automated system that while efficient for tracking numbers does little to make the customer happy with the service provided by the company and gives the customer the feeling that the company would rather not have to deal with him or her. The airline needs to undertake a marketing strategy that will show the customer that he or she is the most important thing to the company. The possibility exists to form an alliance with other airlines that could present opportunities to share in the successful marketing strategy of those airlines that would likely improve the outlook for classic, if company leadership can be convinced to undertake the plan. I have attempted in this paper to discuss the product offered by Classic Airlines as well as the corporate culture and challenges faced by the company. I also have attempted to apply some simple marketing concepts to help alleviate the issues being faced by this company. References Kotler, P. , Keller, K. L. (2007). A Framework for Marketing Management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Southwest Airlines ekes out 1 cent per share profit for quarter. (2011, April 21). The Daily Record, 1, 1. Retrieved from http://thedailyrecord. com/2011/04/21/southwest-airlines-ekes-out-1-cent-per-share-profit-for-quarter/

Research Paper Development of Landlocked Countries Essay Example

Research Paper: Development of Landlocked Countries Essay As the years pass by, societies are facing changing environment, different economic advances and technological improvements in all spheres of its life. But there are different societies, different countries with different backgrounds and geographical locations. Role of the geographical location in the economic development of the country is being very precisely analyzed during the last few decades, which showed the tight connection between those two notions, especially from the standpoint of the global distribution of the economic activity. Statistic shows that all countries that are developed are that of with the coastline, and those which are not developed enough are landlocked. Table 1. GDP per capita and its growth, 2001-2006 Average per capita income (2006 USD) Income group 2001 2006 We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Development of Landlocked Countries specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Development of Landlocked Countries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Development of Landlocked Countries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Increase Growth (%) High income 32 800 35 700 2 900 1.7 Upper middle income 5 500 6 600 1 100 3.5 Lower middle income 1 500 2 100 600 6.9 Low income 500 670 170 4.8 Landlocked developing countries 760 970 210 5.3 Transit 1 500 2 000 500 4.2 World 6 700 7 400 700 1.9 Note: Data for LLCs exclude Afghanistan, Botswana, and Zambia. In 2005-2006 these countries had a very high portion of exports of just one commodity; Azerbaijan (76 percent) and Kazakhstan (69 percent) petroleum, Botswana (73 percent) precious stones, and Zambia (65 percent) copper (UNCTAD 2008). Source: World Bank Development Data Platform. But proximity to the sea, on practice, is not the only determinant of country’s economic development. There are at least five basic geographic factors that influence the development of the particular regions. They incorporate: proximity to the major markets, climatic effects on disease burdens and public health, access to sea-based trade, natural resources endowments (energy resources) and agricultural productivity (Smith 1981, 44). In this paper I will explore whether landlocked countries develop more slowly than those with the coastline, explain what problems do landlocked countries face and investigate whether there are some advantaged for landlocked countries over coastline countries. I will also provide the detailed description of all the factors that contribute to the slower development of landlocked countries besides their access to the coastline- government, population, natural resources, etc. A landlocked country is generally defined as the one that is enclosed by the land. It was so historically stipulated that being a landlocked country was not considered to be advantageous. It restricts the country from obtaining gains from the sea industries, as well as limits trade opportunities. There can be also the situation when the landlocked country is surrounded by the landlocked country also, and it is called doubly landlocked country. There are just two such countries in the world- Liechtenstein in Central Europe and Uzbekistan in Central Asia. Despite the technological advances in the transportation systems, landlocked countries continue to face problems with the access to the world trade markets (Todaro and Smith 2005, 66). As a result, countries without coastline are usually far behind maritime countries in the issues of the external trade and overall development. But there is another important aspect that is essential to every landlocked country- the dependence on transit neighbors. There can be four main types of such dependence for the landlocked country: dependence on the neighbor’s stability and peace, infrastructure, sound cross-border political relations, and administrative practices. That dependence lays the foundation for the new set of priorities and challenges for landlocked countries. According to the statistical data, nine of the twelve countries that have the lowest Human Development Index are far from the coastline, thirteen from them have the low level of human development, and no country (outside Europe) reported the high level of human development. And then the question arises: why do landlocked countries have such constant problems? The simple answer would incorporate the trade difficulty, high transportation costs, inability to use the same benefits as coastline countries have, while competing at the world market. Landlocked countries on practice appear to have the little choice for choosing the way for the transit of their goods to the markets, and land transport prices can be the subject of the monopoly pricing. In such case everything depends upon the relationships with the country of transit and its literal favor. One of the most outstanding exceptions among the landlocked countries remains Switzerland, which was constantly following export-oriented strategy, but adjusted high export transportation costs by exporting such high-value goods, as watches, clocks, scientific instruments, and specialized services, which are values all over the world- banking and insurance services. This is the example of the utilization of the comparative advantage, and in the long run, the situation of being the landlocked country creates challenges as well as opportunities to realize the inner potential of the country and find way to develop.One of the several openings in the international cross-sectional analysis of economic growth rates is that the share of GDP trade, mediated through its affect on the share of investment, is said to be positively associated with the rate of economic growth. The following statement implies that whatever causative mechanisms are at work, the impacts of geographical disadvantage a re most likely to work through decrease in the trade volume (Arvis et al. 2007, 17-20). When some products cross the border, transaction expenses tied to customs and handling are inevitable. In other words, using the transportation professional terminology, there will be on-loading and offloading costs, and the most probably storage costs also. In such a manner, landlockedness of the trade country is to be thought of as increasing the price of imports, and decreasing exports net price of transport costs (which had to be paid by a price-taking seller to be able compete internationally with the countries that are not supposed to have such expenses). Therefore, landlocked countries suffer lower revenues in their trade terms and as a result get much less real income. The more the part of primary commodities in the export volume and of finished goods in the import volume, the more the terms-of-trade loss, due to the reason that transportation expenses are generally low per unit of value for primary goods and high per unit of value for manufactures. The terms-of-trade loss in come effect is to decrease the imports volume. The substitution effect is to make consumers to switch from import goods to domestic ones, causing the decrease in exportable surplus as the opportunity cost of consuming of goods inside the country instead of exporting falls. Both the substitution and import effects diminish the total trade share (exports and imports) in GDP. Landlocked countries can import less (for instance, find the adequate import substitution goods) and export less (for instance, fail to utilize attractive export opportunities) than would be secured by comparative advantage with the exception of transportation expenses. It is however important to remember that in many situations the expenses that are the result of the fact that the country is landlocked will be less than tariffs of import and export taxes already established. An alternative interpretation is that landlocked countries pay to the countries of transit an incoming goods tariff and tax on outbound goods. As a transportation monopolist, or the one that is in charge to dictate the tariffs, the transit country has literally no desire â€Å"to kill the goose which lays the golden eggs†; and as a result, it would rather charge transportation rates that mirror the price elasticity of supply and demand in the landlocked country. There can also another interpretation that says that when a country of transit restricts the transport supply to the landlocked country, the quotas established give rise to rents in the form of price adjustment and, the most probably, corruption. In the end, the landlocked country sensitivity to strategic disruption is that factor that is usually mentioned by many authors of the researches. Nevertheless, taking into consideration the analogy from empirical evidence on regard of the effect of retributory trade sanctions , the economic influence of trade disruption can be rather moderate.The factor of uncertainty, along with usually tense political relations between landlocked countries and transit states, in the long run appears to be even more crucial than actual expenses: in actual fact, a study of the World Bank identified reliability of transit, not expenses, as the main criterion for project appraisal and design (World Bank 1994, 34-36). Access to ports of landlocked countries is governed predominantly by bilateral treaties with countries of transit, most part of them have fixed terms, many are special with limited terms and some appear to be only small parts of larger treaties (Todaro and Smith 2005, 99-102). Delivery uncertainties can make potential customers cautious of signing long-term export contracts and prevent foreign firms from locating plants in landlocked countries. Nevertheless, rather small amount of landlocked countries are totally dependent on one country of transit, and what dependency relationships do exist can be significantly improved over time by launching integrated regional investment programs and negotiating alternative routes (Limao and Venables 2001, 451-455). The difficulties in the economic development of landlocked countries were also attempted to be explained by the endogenous growth theory and the theory of new trade. In neoclassical theory, which is based on perfect competition and constant returns to scale, the revenues to trade are constant. When neoclassical theory proposes an explanation why landlocked countries may be at a disfavor in the short run, it offers few clarifications why this disadvantage can be irreducible in the long run. For instance, considering again the example with Switzerland that developed economic spheres that show outstanding results in spite of the fact that the country is landlocked. Put differently, alleviating the challenges associated with landlockedness may lead to a one-of improvement in the welfare level of the landlocked country, but it is not supposed to move the landlocked country to more rapid growth path. But many scientists advance arguments that neoclassical theory greatly detracts the trade importance in a dynamic situation. In such case, the decreases in trade experienced by landlocked countries may serve as a substantial drag on economic growth. In â€Å"endogenous growth† models there are either rising returns to scale in definite sectors or exogenous factors to output in those sectors. Learning-by-doing and external factors to development and research are major topics in related literature, dedicated to endogenous growth theory. The channels of growth (human capital accumulation, provision of infrastructure, investment, technological innovation, and public goods) differentiate from model to model, as does the fundamental competitive mechanism (oligopoly or perfect competition). The general conclusion is, nevertheless, that poor primary conditions can ensnare countries in a low-level trap by restricting their economic growth opportunities. The door is widely opened to a s eries of â€Å"big push† public policy arrangements, including regional policy, industrial policy, trade policy, and provision of public and infrastructure support for formation of human capital, development, research, etc (Krugman 1987, 131-34). The essential role of augmenting returns to scale provides a link between â€Å"endogenous growth† theory and â€Å"new trade theory†, the main point of which is that government should play an active role in trade, because the government is the main policy maker. Trade can move growth rates by changing the output composition. Since the changing structure of output influences relative prices, comparative advantage is as a result endogenized. This impact is stressed if there are learning-by-doing external factors at the sector level, for example, if one sector learns from another. Being a landlocked country, by decreasing the trade volume, may restrict comparative advantage from evolving and thus capture landlocked countries in a low-level equilibrium snare. In the alternative, by decreasing exposure to foreign competition, being landlocked may suppress entrepreneurial talent growth and development. Not just trade flows, but companies’ location decisions (that in the long run are determinants of trade flows) are determinative in a dynamic rising-returns-to-scale environment (Stone 2001, 78-80).Agglomeration economies are economies that are external and which are effective either when a significant amount of companies in the same industry are located in close proximity to each other or when a significant amount of companies from different industries locate in the same city or region. Taking into consideration the latter case, the economies are referred to as urbanization economies. High-tech industries that are innovation-driven, which are reliant on a fluid market for workers of high specialization, information, and access to a secure, fast and sophisticated services sector, are highly reliant on agglomeration economies. In consequence of their geographical isolation, especially when there is no port city, landlocked countries may find it hard to attract companies in rapi dly evolving, high-growth industries. And again, â€Å"big push† policy interventions must be secured in landlocked countries (Stone 2001, 120). Conclusively, provision of infrastructure itself has great positive external economies. Accessibility of good transportation infrastructure strengthens the efficiency of all other inputs and enhances the return rate to formation of both human and physical capital. Contrariwise, the efficiency-increasing influence of transport investment is to some extent compensated when companies substitute away from traditional inputs to the benefit of the cheaper transportation (Stone 2001, 68-70). There are also other contributing factors that are generally hard to quantify or even depict with precision, and they are bound to affect the development path of landlocked countries. Landlocked countries are twice sensitive to destruction in the form of natural disasters, political turmoil and violent international conflicts: once on their own account and once on account of the countries of transit. To such extent, landlocked countries may be equally ignored, once on account that they are landlocked, and again because their transit states on which they depend is underdeveloped itself. In regard the problem of strong conflict, landlocked countries by definition on practice have many borders, and one of the few rough stylized facts from quantitative international relations is that the scope of strong international conflict is positively correlated with number of international boundaries. In the similar way, one of the most powerful conclusions from the economic development record is t hat peace is a background for economic development. Many borders, as well as the dependency relationship that exists between the country of transit and landlocked country, may harden brain drain and the literal pumpage of skilled labor. Or, efficiency gains that arise when labor is transferred from low-productivity to higher-productivity sectors will be predestinated if low productivity labor simply migrates to the countries of transit. Let’s assume that landlockedness is definitely the real challenge for economic development, taking into consideration data on landlocked countries merchandise trade. What the policy response might be in such case? According to neoclassical theory, the major rational explanation for intervention of the government is the distortions occurrence, of which the negative external effect to transit through monopolistic country of transit is a first-hand example. The suggestion to policy makers can be to impose a Pigovian tax on goods that are traded and devote the returns to the development of the alternative transportation routes (Mankiw 2001, 216). While the developing alternative transport routes cost is supposed to present a substantial primary deadweight cost, there is no reason in neoclassical theory why it would make obstacles to the development in the long run (Cabanius and Bouaphanh 2001, 13). Very few landlocked countries have some competitive advantages in the field of high-tech industries for which active rising returns to scale emerge likely. There are also some exceptions with few European countries, like Hungary, the opportunity of developing comparative advantage in such sectors appears unlikely. Second, the active rising revenue argument intends that the domestic market is big enough that nascent industries, in case of strong protection, are able to produce enough to begin to realize economies of scale. Most landlocked countries, however, are comparatively small. While industrial structure is highly concentrated in most developing countries, it is market defects such as entry barriers and collusion which are responsible, not increasing returns to scale. It seems prudent that if the challenges of landlockedness result from transport, policy makers introduce transportation policy to address them. Transport infrastructure within landlocked countries is often of compar atively low quality, so domestic transport investment would be able, to some extent, get customers back to where they were without the issue of being landlocked. This is a second possible best result, but presents advancement nevertheless while eluding the dangers tacit in implementing trade and industrial policy to address what is generally speaking a transport challenge. At the end, the regional level is the most important: improvements in transit benefit of both landlocked countries and countries of transit, and the natural units for transportation policy interference are not the nation, but the region and the transport corridor.So, to address the problems that restrict landlocked countries’ potential revenues from trade and therefore restrict the resource base for investments in human development, several major policy priorities can be outlined. First, landlocked developing countries have to place special emphasis upon the development of their internal transportation infr astructure. Trade is substantially influenced by transportation costs, so making investments in roads and railways— both maintenance and construction — are the most important issues for keeping these costs at the lower level. Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Cost Different transportation modes have different cost functions. Road, rail and maritime transport have respectively a C1, C2 and C3 cost functions. While road has a lower cost function for short distances, its cost function climbs faster than rail and maritime cost functions. At a distance D1, it becomes more profitable to use railway transport than road transport while from a distance D2, maritime transport becomes more advantageous. Point D1 is generally located between 500 and 750 km of the point of departure while D2 is near 1,500 km. Second, regional infrastructure integration strategies are inevitable for the development of the active trade routes and market access expanding for landlocked developing countries. For example, such small economies as Rwanda and Burundi face huge obstacles in their attempts of international trade due to the poor rail and road infrastructure in Eastern Africa. Internal infrastructure investments in Rwanda and Burundi will bring restricted revenues if they are not supposed to be accompanied by the corresponding investments in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania (Pod 1998, 76-81). Export to GDP ratios reveal the progression of challenges countries face along the Northern Corridor: for Burundi, 6%; for Rwanda, 9%; for Uganda, 12%; and for Kenya, 26% (United Nations Development Programme 2003, 56). In the same manner, infrastructure integration demands investments in building and maintaining effective maritime ports to be able to provide services for entire regions. Third, and closely connected with the previous issue, regional integration strategies need to be concentrated on administrative coordination. Even though members of COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) and SADC (Southern African Development Community) have made substantial progress in this regard, many other regions still need investments for the standardization of border procedures and reduction of transportation costs incurred due to time non-conformities. Many countries are still able to take advantage from such administrative organization, as well as objective guarantees for landlocked countries’ constant access to transit routes (World Development Indicators 2002, 33-34). Fourth, landlocked countries have a strong need to invest, where possible, in developing industries that are less influenced by transportation costs. This involves shifting away from basic commodities, which are subject to main fluctuations in price and low value to weight ratios, toward those with higher value or lower transportation costs in relation to goods value. Strategies can contain service industries development or the manufacturing sectors for export development (MacKellar, Worgotter and Worz 2000, 14). Official development contribution and overall help strategies should acknowledge essential infrastructure needs of low-income landlocked countries and the requirement for increases in direct assistance to maintain large-scale investments in railways and roads. Such investments are supposed to comprise not only the up-front advances of the transport infrastructure, but maintenance and operations as well. As far as the landlocked developing countries traditionally suffer from a overall lack of resources and under-funded social sectors because of their common structural obstacles in trading with the international economy, they will typically demand even more external resource support than their maritime neighbors with low-income that also need to remain a priority for official development contribution flows. In this section some statistical overview on regard landlocked countries and their economic development is presented. Landlocked countries concentration among the least prosperous nations of the world is astonishing. Sixty three out of one hundred fifty eight comparatively low- and middle-income countries, defined by the World Bank, are classified as having low income (40.0 percent), but twenty out of thirty low- and middle-income landlocked countries (66.6 percent) are classified as low-income. If the fifteen Newly Independent States (the former USSR republics and the Baltic countries) are eliminated, then the situation is the following: fifty eight out of one hundred forty three (40.6 percent) low- and middle-income countries are low-income, but sixteen out of twenty two low- and middle-income landlocked countries (72.7 percent) are low-income. At the end, and most astonishing fact of all, nine of the twenty poorest world countries are landlocked. Partially, this is for the reason that many landlocked countries are African, but even in this region, landlocked countries account for an incommensurable quantity of the poorest countries on this poorest continent. Most LLDC have underdeveloped economic base with a poor performance of export, the main part if not all their exports consist of low-value bulky commodities. As for LLDC, half of them rely on one commodity for at least 50% of their general exports by value; two commodities account for at least three quarters of their export earnings; and three commodities yield at least 80% of their export earnings. Insurance, freight and other related expenses are therefore burdensome in relations to the exports low value. For countries that import oil like Zambia the situation is further worsened by the high fuel cost (petrol and diesel). Transport operators on the domestic market of Zambia, pay for higher fuel prices by as much as 50% than in other countries of the sub region (Gael Raballand et al, 2007). As part of the USSR, the Central Asian and Eastern European republics were integrated into the centralized Soviet Union command economy. Their role in this system was predominantly to guarantee natural resources (particularly, metals and petroleum) and agricultural products (such as, grain and cotton) to the processing industries and basic markets that were situated upon the territories of today’s Russia and Ukraine. Correspondently, transportation corridors were developed in the times of the Soviet era basically for the connection of the individual republics with Russia and Ukraine, and not with their neighbors, which could serve as the countries of transit. As a result of this, Central Asian and Eastern European landlocked countries face three major transit challenges as a consequence of the USSR collapse. First of all, it should be mentioned that such transport corridors were built before present international borders were established. Significant domestic transportation ar teries at present often pass through neighboring countries that can result in additional expenses and long delays. Some countries are now constructing expensive alternative routes to mitigate this challenge. Second, connections through Iran, China, and Afghanistan are restricted and not very well developed. The sequential subordination to Ukrainian and Russian transportation paths is said to be utilized by Russia and Ukraine for political benefit, seriously limiting the capability of landlocked countries to raise their gas and oil exports. Third, as government of the Soviet Union allocated specifically economic roles for each its region, it finally led to the little export diversification for a series of post-Soviet countries. Even though the Soviet Union initially invested lots of financial resources in this infrastructure, much of it had now declined due to lack of management and investments. These transport problems are redoubled with the many of the landlocked countries remotene ss: several of the former Soviet states are over 3000 km from the nearest port. Constant regional tensions further create obstacles for trade routes. Badly defined borders that may not have the reflection of political or ethnic differences can stimulate regional and domestic crises. Such tensions have prevented any cooperation on the regional level and have contributed to rough corruption. International cooperation challenges have restricted the potential of this region to serve as a regional crossroads (MacKellar, Worgotter and Worz 2000, 111-115). Even though Moldova is geographically taken away from the former Central Asia Soviet economies, it faces similar problems. Transit Routes of Moldova It is only one hundred seventy km from the shore of the Black Sea — the shortest transport distance of all landlocked countries at the discussed territories — but also fights external and internal tensions. Not only is Moldova experiences harsh political tensions between Ukraine and Romania, but, with the eastern part of the country that is controlled by ethnic Ukrainians and Russians, and the west by ethnic Rumanians, Moldova also suffers from internal tensions on regard the separatist Transdniestr region. Moldova’s infrastructure is as a matter of fact still based on the former USSR networks to Russia, therefore restricting other trade routes. Unlike former Soviet republics and Moldova, Mongolia does not have such harsh cross-border and ethnic tensions. But it does, nevertheless, share the problem of remoteness with the capital city, Ulaanbaatar, which is situated at the distance about 1700 km from the nearest port. Mongolia also still struggles with its extrem ely low density of the population — the second lowest of all countries from the region of discussion— which further makes transportation opportunities more complicated. The country has just one major highway and relies primarily on railways for shipping its output. Infrastructure of the railway is in rather satisfactory condition but still it is problematic for trading with neighboring China with the world’s fastest growing economy, for the simple reason that two countries utilize different rail gauges and shipments have to be unloaded and reloaded at Zamyn Uud. The geographical situation of the South Caucasus landlocked countries, Azerbaijan and Armenia, at the bridge of the traditional east–west Silk Route linking East Asia to Europe, holds big potential advantages for both countries. The planned recovery of the Silk Route as a network of main transport corridors could theoretically assist these countries become essential transit links between East and West. Transit Routes in South Caucasus So far, in their current situation, both Azerbaijan and Armenia suffer in the greatest extent as landlocked countries. Regional struggles, as well as boundary controversies over the Caspian Sea, ethnic fights and constant Russian alliances, have set certain obstacles to any serious attempts at regional integration. Actually, the controversy between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the Nagorno Karabakh region, a primary reason of the regional tensions, has resulted in the shut-down of both the Azerbaijan-Armenia and Armenia–Turkey borders. Azerbaijan and Armenia have also suffered from surrounding civil disputes that have restricted the utilization of potential corridors. The Georgian civil war started in 1992, impeding the usage of the Georgian corridor and resulting in strongly tumbledown infrastructure on the route. In the similar way, the Chechen war has restricted trade to the north and allayed Azerbaijan relations with Russia.Reflecting the poor political institutions of the region, corruption is reported to be widely spread and has become a serious concern for Azerbaijan and Armenia. Having the strong need to transport output across international borders where bribe paying is inevitable and everywhere, these landlocked economies suffer from internal corruption and as well as of their neighbors corruption. Later, the situation became even more complicated as the ongoing disputes and political instability of the region have left the transport infrastructure in an awful state of destruction. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development evaluated that about 40% of Armenian roads were in severe need of immediate repair in 1998, while 56% of Azerbaijan’s main road network has been portrayed as being in a weak state of maintenance. The infrastructure in neighboring Georgia is claimed to be in even worse state. Substantial investment is needed in order to restore the regional transit system (Synowitz 1998, 212; World Bank 2001, 13). Both South American landlocked countries, Paraguay and Bolivia, suffer from weak domestic infrastructure, and unlike most African landlocked countries, which have the poorest economic situation of all, are bypassed with comparatively extensive and well-maintained transport corridors. The weak conditions of operation and maintenance of domestic corridors, however, have precluded these countries from taking advantages from such strong external transit corridors. Paraguay’s railroad, for instance, is connected to the railways of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, and can play a main role in international transport, but has fallen into a state of dysfunction. Paraguay and Bolivia also both concern political problems to transit trade. The South American landlocked countries have suffered from political struggles with their transit neighbors. In the recent past, for instance, the perspective and promising Bolivian plan that was aimed to double exports by exporting natural gas via Chilean ports has been delayed by constant domestic objections in Bolivia against the use of Chilean corridors. Such objection is predominantly a product of the constant and century-old conflicts between the two countries, which originated in the war of 1878–1883 when Bolivia lost control of the coastal province of Atacama (Stone 2001, 56). What is positive in the situation is that Paraguay and Bolivia also have similar opportunities: both are principally located in the heart of South America, with the great potential to allow them to serve as the South American trade cross-roads, between MERCOSUR and the Andean Community. This central situation could permit them to serve as regional bases for new technologies less dependent on transport costs, such as telecommunications. Paraguay and Bolivia also have all possibilities to be main regional energy centers because they both have substantial reserves. Bolivia recently disclosed significant reserves of natural oil and gas and Paraguay has the potential to be a main exporter of hydroelectric power. For the reason that these discussed sectors are not basically dependent on rail and road infrastructure, it will be possible to develop and take advantage from them even before domestic transport infrastructure is elevated to an essentially higher stage. They are able to use in th e full extent the potential due to poor transportation. Landlocked countries face many challenges. They have limited world trade opportunities and have to establish friendly relationships with neighboring countries, which could be potentially their transit states. So, they are having trade difficulties, experience high transportation costs, and they are unable to use the same benefits as coastline countries have, while competing at the world market. Landlocked countries on practice appear to have almost no choice for choosing the way for the transit of their output to the markets, and land transportation prices can be the subject of the monopoly pricing. In such case everything depends upon the relationships with the country of transit and how kind the government of the transit state would be. There can be four main types of such dependence for the landlocked country: dependence on the neighbor’s stability and peace, infrastructure, sound cross-border political relations, and administrative practices. That dependence lays the found ation for the new set of priorities and challenges for landlocked countries. As of 2008, forty four landlocked countries are reported to be in the world, two of which are doubly locked. They are all experiencing almost the same problems (with the several exceptions, like Hungary, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, etc.), but have different backgrounds of those challenges. Bibliography:

Reparations Comparison Essays - Slavery, Racism, International Law

Reparations Comparison Essays - Slavery, Racism, International Law Reparations Comparison REPARATIONS COMPARISON Ever since the beginning of time groups of people have been used or persecuted by other groups who believed to be superior. The three groups being discussed in this paper are the Japanese-Americans, who were sent to internment camps during World War II, the European Jews, who were victims of acts of genocide at the hands of the Nazi government in Germany, and the Africans, now African-Americans, who were forced to board ships to America for the purpose of slavery. The Japanese-Americans, during WW II, were taken from their homes and forced to give up any job or business they maintained. This was supposedly a deterrent against the Japanese-Americans being potential security threats during the war. After WW II they were given $25 and a train ticket to wherever their home was before they were relocated. Most of them went back to find that their job was no longer open. They were forced to live a life of poverty. In 1988, an act was passed which granted Japanese-Americans who had been directly affected by this act $20,000 a piece. The Jews in Germany were treated in worse manner than the aforementioned group. Even though death did occur at the internment camps in The United States, it was mostly due to unsanitary conditions. In Germany the government was purposely killing the Jewish people with various tactics such as gas chambers and firing squads. Some Jews were able to leave the country before the brunt of the violence against them started. Though lucky enough to leave with their lives, they were not so fortunate when it came to their personal belongings, including money. The German government, after the Nazi regime, felt obliged to pay those people who were affected for lost property and wages as reparations. Starting in the 1600s, Europeans began capturing Africans to bring them over to the United States to work the fields in the southern states. These men, women, and children were taken from their native environments, in which they may have held positions of authority, and made the property of other people whose only differences were skin color and culture. Even worst was the fact that some tribal leaders were selling their own members to the Europeans. African-Americans, though legal slavery has been abolished for over 100 years, still have not completely achieved the respect and status of the dominant group in the United States. Unlike the two previous groups discussed, the Jews and the Japanese-Americans, supposed plans of reparations like the Homestead and Land Grant Acts failed because of a lack of concern by the government combined with a lack of resistance by the Black community. I agree that all of these occurrences are definite atrocities. The difference, I see between the first two and the last group is that these were orders given by the government in power rather than free enterprise by certain individuals. It is terrible that African-Americans had to endure such harsh treatment, but how can any criteria be established by which to grant reparations. Had the government made it a rule that all Black people were to be enslaved rather than simply allowing it, the situation would be somewhat different. I say somewhat because I have not yet heard anyone distinctly give a way that slavery has affected them financially. Plus, how do the people whose ancestors did not come to this country until after slavery get taken out of the equation? I guess I have always taken the stance that, though Black Americans have not completely achieved equality, there are far too many opportunities available for people to be complaining about what opportunities they dont have. Thou gh its sad, its true because I have family members and associates that do it. I personally have never been to Africa, but I guess because of my comfort in the environment I was raised in, Id rather be right here in America. But one last point Id like to make is that those Black people who have been able to achieve certain successes need to help those people who havent so that we can better compete with the majority in this country someday.

5 Tips on How to Write a Personal Statement for College

5 Tips on How to Write a Personal Statement for College 5 Tips on How to Write a Personal Statement for College When applying to study at college, you might be asked to provide a personal statement. This is a brief explanation of who you are and what makes you a good candidate, going into more depth than simply listing a GPA, qualifications or test scores. But what should a personal statement include? And how can you use yours effectively? 1. Make it Personal As the name might suggest, a personal statement should be personal. This includes your academic achievements, but you’ll also want to add a bit about your life more generally, like your passions and interests outside of studying or significant events from your past. My past? Sure, Ive seen some things(Photo: wikimedia/Dukeofsully3) The important thing is to communicate something about you as a person. Writing about challenges you’ve overcome, for instance, could help to show that you’re resourceful when faced with a problem. 2. Aims and Objectives As well as your education so far, your personal statement should include something about your aims and objectives. In the short term these might be directly related to the course you’re applying to study, but you should also consider how your studies fit into a long-term career plan. Applicant: I want to study marine biology so I can fulfill my long-term ambition to become Lobster Santa.College admissions officer: Welcome aboard! 3. Do Your Research While you can use a template to save time when making several applications, each personal statement you write should be tailored to the specific college to which you’re applying. Taking a look at the school’s website is a good start, as you should be able to find information about the course and faculty there. You could also contact a faculty member to ask about the program, which could help you explain why you want to study there in particular. 4. Show Off! In a personal statement, you need to sell yourself as a student, focusing on what makes you a better choice than the other candidates. It therefore never hurts to show off your subject knowledge and achievements. Don’t go into too much depth, as it’s also important that your personal statement is concise and easy to read. But mentioning specific research interests and any personal qualities that you think would make you a valuable addition to the school community is a great approach. Im mostly interested in heliospheric space plasmas, but I also make a mean mojito. 5. Redrafting and Proofreading Since your personal statement is all about making a good first impression, perfecting and proofreading it before submitting your application is vital. As such, after you’ve written a first draft, take some time away before making revisions. This will help you to spot mistakes you might otherwise miss, helping to maximize your statements impact.

Electric Field Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Electric Field Simulation - Essay Example Through COMSOL Multiphysics we discovered the results after simulating an electric field by using 2D and 3D of the electrostatic module. These modules provided many kinds of movement in the electric field for the three electrodes, which were energised with +1V, 0V, and -1V electrical voltages. Also, the strong and weak points are posted between the three electrodes and show the electric potential of the field. Finally, this paper will show the form of the distribution of electric potential and electric field between the three electrodes for the above mentioned conditions. Introduction: After Michael Faraday discovered the electric field, he developed electricity into something practical that could be used in many technologies, especially microsystem devices. According to James Clear Maxwell, â€Å"the portion of space in the neighborhood of electrified bodies† is called an electric field [1]. At present, there are several applications used that are related to microtechnology a nd are beneficial to our lives. A good application in medicine is biology cells within medical laboratories. In this way, application is applied to the electric field to move cells and separate or analyze cells via impact electric forces. The movement, separation, and analyzing is done through a technique known as AC electrokinetics. This technique occurs when an electric field interacts with dipoles, but it depends on forces between repulsion and rotation by altering the nature of the dynamic field [2]. This new technique is beneficial in biotechnology because of the electric field [3]. Also, the AC electrokinetics technique depends on a delicate process known as dielectrophoresis. This is â€Å"the migration of uncharged particles towards the position of maximum field strength in a non-uniform electric field† [4]. The basic principle operation of dielectrophoresis is by deference of electromagnetic and dielectric properties. For example, the separation of cancer cells is be hind the electrodes, while the natural cells move away from the electrodes due to variations of the electric field [5]. Figure 1 shows the forces of attraction and repulsion between cancer cells and normal cells. Fig.1. Basic Principle of Dielectrophoresis An electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects. It is defined as an area between two charges and then there is a force (positive or negative) exerted [6]. The forces exerted on the test charge will be directly proportional to another charge according to Coulomb’s law [7]: Fe ? q1 q2 If divide the forces on the test charge: E=Fe /q ' Where E = electric field (N/C) and F = force (N) and q' = charge on test charge (C) Also, according to Coulomb’s law, we can find E where: = the permittivity of free space Then we can calculate the electric flux by using Gausses’ law [8]: Q = ? E.d There is a relationship between the elec tric field and electric potential if the electric potential is identified in an action area, then we can calculate the value of the electric field by: dV = - E.d. However, the electric potential consists of lines called equipotential lines. There is a direct correlation between the electric field lines and the energy of electric potential because the first one always puts the electric potential of direction that causes dropping electric potential [9], whereas, in this case, we are dealing with an accelerometer that

Violence In Philadelphia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Violence In Philadelphia - Research Paper Example The society is headed for ethical and societal deterioration due to such criminal activities and lawlessness. Several organizations and centers have come into action to improve the conditions of the city by improving the morale and anger-management in the youth. These intend to improve the upcoming generations and simultaneously control the violence in Philadelphia. Apart from this, numerous pointers have also been identified by the local residents of Philadelphia through a community forum. These include law enforcement and severe penalties for those in defiance of the law. It also encourages the parental involvement in children’s lives in order to exercise control over them. Some have recognized the publicity of horrors the families of the unfortunate victims go through in order to make them realize the extent of these activities. An opinion has also arrived about controlling unwanted pregnancies by teenagers. The unwanted children have also become a factor of breeding hatred in the generations. Philadelphia is a one of the largest and most populous cities of Northeastern United States, lying in the Common Wealth of Pennsylvania. It was once the capital of United States before the capital was shifted to Washington. Philadelphia is said to be enriched with cultural and traditional background, historical occurrences and symbolism. Philadelphia is known by other names as well like â€Å"Philly† and â€Å"City of Brotherly Love†. According to a source, â€Å"(Philadelphia) is the sixth most populous city in the US, fifth largest city area by population in the US, and the US’s fourth largest consumer media market† (Pennsylvania). It is believed that 1.5 million people reside in the city alone. Philadelphia has contributed immensely to the American history, serving as the grounds for American Revolution and American Independence efforts initiated by Benjamin Franklin back in the 18th century. It was

A Clockwork Orange Essay Example for Free

A Clockwork Orange Essay I chose for my text transformation to use the base text A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess. This novel interested me because of its individual language of Nadsat, a form of slang created by Burgess for gangs of violent English teenagers. The slang serves a serious purpose, which is too keep the violence of the protagonist from becoming unbearable to its reader, keeping the language partly veiled, for example making gratizny bratchny sound more pleasant than its meaning dirty bastard. It is important to realise that its audience of the 60s have not yet become subject to such violence and despair explored in the novel. So what have I done? I have taken four characters from the novel (Alexs parents, Alex and the schoolmaster) and placed them into The Jerry Springer Show, creating a parody of the show. I have given Alexs parents the names of Janet and Derek and looked at their perspective of Alexs violent activities. As I would chronologically slot the show in just before the police catch him, I have kept Alexs attitude of his enjoyment of violence. When the schoolmaster has been beaten up and staggers off, that is the last we have heard of him in the novel, I decided to give him a voice and see what he would have said about his attack. So why did I choose to do this? The Jerry Springer Show is a dysfunctional show and Alex is a dysfunctional character. Jerry Springers show is amoral TV; it is outrageous, shocking, scandalous and hilarious. The show has no limits. Nearly all stories have major big twists that unfold as more guests get called out. These guests often get violent and try to kick and punch other parties involved, whilst typically Jerry tries to redeem his guests. This is why I think it works well with the character of Alex and his behaviour seen in the novel. The novel represents the society in which Alex lives in as complete dystopian, dark and dismal, with no law and order. The Jerry Springer Show is a chat show, although it is very staged with his agenda-setting questions and appearing guests, the show is almost entirely full of spontaneous speech. Therefore I decided to do a transcript version of the show, although obviously not true to its discourse as I would be giving the characters a voice as appose to spontaneous speech written down as it is heard. Jerry Springer, as an American, has his own geographical dialect. It was important to keep this as well as phrases singly the best audience and his own idiolect right, well, hey, so, to indicate his regional origin. Jerry has an informal register that contains much ellipsis, such as youre singly the best and here cause you love. The graphology of the transformation is laid out in the convention of the transcript. The names of the characters have been placed on the left hand side indicating who is talking and to the right, is what is actually being said: Alex: are you saying do i enjoy lubbilubbing with a devotchas Janet: against their will alex against their will Alex: not recently no em Sounds that are not fore grounded I have placed in italics for example, the audiences reactions to the quests comments (Audience boos loudly). As this is a transcript and not a play, I have not included stage directions or actions taken by the characters, as a recording of the show a transcript would only contain sounds heard on the recorder. The syntax of Alex and his friends, in the novel, is completely different to that of any other characters. The Nadsat slang has derived from many different language sources but many are Slavic in origin. A mixture of Russian and demotic English, with elements of rhyming slang and gypsy talk, O my brothers, as well as anglicized words and amputations em, pee.

Essay on Picture of Dorian Gray: Discovering Wilde -- Picture Dorian G

Discovering Wilde in The Picture of Dorian Gray  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The Picture of Dorian Gray can be defined as a symbolic representation of a dialectic between two aspects of Wilde's personality. Dorian is an archetypal image by which both aspects are fascinated. This suggests that his behaviour symbolizes Wilde's unconscious (i.e. unacknowledged) attitudes. Dorian is characterized by his evasiveness and his obsession with objets d'art. For example, when Basil comes to console him about Sibyl's death, he is unwilling to discuss the matter. He does not want to admit the possibility that his behaviour was reprehensible. He tells his friend: "If one doesn't talk about a thing, it has never happened. It is simply expression, as Harry says, that gives reality to things" (107). Later, after murdering Basil, he again seeks to avoid acknowledging what he has done: "He felt that the secret of the whole thing was not to realize the situation" (159). Dorian escapes from every unpleasant realization by turning his attention to other things. Unwilling to admit that his actions have moral implications, he seeks refuge in art. On hearing of Sibyl's death, he accepts an invitaton, for that very evening, to go to the opera. He learns to see life only from an aesthetic perspective. He reflects: Form is absolutely essential to it. It should have the dignity of a ceremony, as well as its unreality, and should combine the insincere character of a romantic play with the wit and beauty that makes such plays delightful to us. (142) The consequence of this attitude is that he finds himself increasingly "stepping outside" his experiences in order to observe them from a distance. Instead of living his experiences more intensely, he finds himself o... ...It is worth noting that Wilde wrote of the characters in his only novel: "Basil Hallward is what I think I am: Lord Henry what the world thinks me: Dorian what I would like to be -- in other ages, perhaps" (Letters, 352). Dorian personifies a conflict between Dionysian and Apollonian elements particularly fascinating to his creator. He has a passion for "the colour, the beauty, the joy of life" (40), but avoids becoming involved with any experience for fear of it causing him possible pain. Basil's and Lord Henry's fascination with him represents Wilde's obsession with a young dandy whose evasiveness and pseudo-aestheticism symbolize his own unconscious fears. Works Cited Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Ed. Isobel Murray. London: Oxford University Press, 1974. Wilde, Oscar. The Letters of Oscar Wilde. Ed. R. Hart-Davis. London: Hart-Davis, 1962.   

Adolf Hitler Caused World War II Essay

As I’m sure most people know Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Germans from August 2 1934 to April 30 1945, but do you know that as Fuhrer of Germany he was the driving force behind the start of WWII. During his reign he tried to bring Germany back to the powerful country it had been before the First World War. In this paper I will prove that Hitler’s actions lead to start of WWII, and I plan to prove how his direct disregard of the Treaty of Versailles pushed the world into WWII. I will begin with a little background on Hitler and what led him to become the Fuhrer of Germany. Hitler was a member of the German army during the First World War and, according to (Kershaw, 2008) after being temporarily blinded from a mustard gas bomb he was sent to Pasewalk, it was there that Hitler learned of the German defeat in WWI. After the war Hitler and the German people held a grudge against the United States and Europe for the passing of the Treaty of Versailles, which stated that Germany was the cause of the war. The Treaty also forced the German people to pay for the damage done during the war. This pushed Germany into a depression that left millions of people without work. This was the first of many reasons that Hitler secretly wished to conquer the European countries of Britain and France. In January of 1933 Hitler was named chancellor of Germany and this marked the beginning of his reign over a country that was in hardship. Hitler began his reign by urging President Hindenburg to pass the Reichstag Fire Decree, which would suspend basic rights and allow detention without a trial. Then after the election on March 6, 1933 Hitler brought the Enabling Act to a vote, and by using the Reichstag Fire Decree was able to garner the two thirds majority vote needed to pass the bill which then gave Hitler full legislative power. By doing this Hitler showed that he would do anything to assume the role of leader. This was just another step that was unknowingly leading Germany to war. Then in 1934 according to (Kershaw, 2008) Hitler executed the â€Å"Night of the Long Knives† which was the capture and killing of the entire SA leadership. Then a month later President Hindenburg died, which made Hitler the head of state. This allowed him to control all aspects of Germany, and also allowed him to start rebuilding the military forces that had been ordered to disband with the passing of the Treaty of Versailles. This was probably the biggest step thus far that would send Germany to war yet again. Along with that he had personally taken over as leader of the military when Werner von Blomberg had openly told Hitler that he disagreed with him about having the military ready to go to war as soon as 1938. (Shire, 1960) Over the next few months he had stripped 16 generals and had 44 more transferred because they were believed to not be sufficiently pro-Nazi. On February 3, 1933 during a meeting with German military leaders Hitler said his foreign policy was the conquest of Eastern Europe (Weinberg, 1970), also in 1933 Germany withdrew from the League of Nations, which should have been a warning sign that they were planning something big. This along with the increase of the Wehrmacht (German Army) to 600,000 should have thrown up some red flags to Britain and France that Hitler was up to no go. This was another of Hitler’s direct violations of the Versailles Treaty, yet no one stopped him, instead they let him continue untouched. Then in March of 1936 Germany reoccupied the Rhineland. They also declared an Axis with Italy in 1936. Then in 1937 Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan, yet another red flag. If not for the wounds of WWI still fresh in the hearts and minds of the British and American people I think we might have been able to avert the Second World War. As Hitler continued to grow the military of Germany, and expand their borders back to pre WWI he was slowly pushing the west into action. Hitler did not believe that his army could be defeated and he continued his expansion by annexing Austria in 1938. After that his next goal was to take over Czechoslovakia, but he was met with some force over this one. Czech had signed a treaty with Russia, and Britain and France both said they would defend Czech from the German forces. This angered Hitler, but he knew he could not overwhelm the forces of four different countries, so instead they all met and signed the Munich Pact(library.thinkquest.org/) which allowed Germany to take 50% of Czechoslovakia and leave the other hale untouched. While Hitler was reluctant he agreed, and then after signing the pact he turned around and annexed the rest of Czech. Hitler knew that he was taking a chance by annexing Czechoslovakia, but he believed that if he could take control of Czech he could use their land as a frontline to attack Russia, because he believed that Communism was wrong, and the only way to stop them was by invading and making them part of Germany. Basically Hitler believed that he could take over the entire continent and force them into Nazism. This was a cause for much concern, but it wasn’t until 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland that the declaration of war was made official. In conclusion I believe that all of the actions Hitler took from the start of his reign as chancellor up through his being appointed Fuhrer forced the western European countries to declare war upon Germany and their allies. I believe that if Hitler did not have dreams of world domination and riding the world of all Jews that maybe Germany might have avoided the Second World War, but as we all now know that is not the case. Instead Hitler thought that he had built an unstoppable army, and if not for Japan bombing Pearl Harbor Germany might have even won the war. References 1. Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf. Trans. Ralph Manheim. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2. Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 3. Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster 4. Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 5. http://library.thinkquest.org/CRO212881/annex.html 6. http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/nazi.html 7. http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/hitler/hitler.htm 8. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/adolf_hitler

Stress Log

Stress log Psychology 101 – Influence of the Media Assignment (40 pts) Fall 2010 DUE: After viewing Killing us softly 4 (2010), write a 2-3 page paper (600-800 words) on the influence of media and advertising on the public, both men and women. All papers should be typed and double-spaced. In your paper: 1. Discuss the assertion made in Killing Us Softly that the purpose of advertising is to sell us what we don’t need, to sell us values, and to sell us concepts of normal. (6 pts) 2. Using both videos and magazine pictures, discuss how media and advertising images affect how you see yourself, how you see others, and how others see you. 6 pts)3. Dr. Kilbourne does not advocate censorship, or banning all advertisements. What other ways do individuals have to protect themselves from any ill effects from advertising? What role would critical thinking play? (8 pts) 4. Using your chapter on Motivation and Emotion, demonstrate how advertising and media, generally, motivate our b ehaviors. (8 pts) 5. Do you believe that there are cumulative effects of these media messages? Whether your answer is yes or no, give reasons. (6 pts) 6. Grammar/spelling (3 pts) 7. Make sure you cite the movie in text using APA style (3 pts).See information below for citing a movie APA style In APA format the movie can be cited several ways. The movie title should always be italicized. If you describe a scene by saying something like: In the movie Killing us softly 4 (2010), Dr. Kilbourne says†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The title is italicized and the year is in parentheses. If you describe a scene by saying something like: Dr. Kilbourne says that advertisements are created to sell us values (Killing us softly 4, 2010). The title is italicized and both the title and year go in the parentheses before the period at the end of the sentence.

Tips for Homeschooling Teens

Tips for Homeschooling Teens Homeschooling teens is different than homeschooling younger students. They are becoming adults and crave more control and independence, yet they still need accountability.   I have graduated one student and Im currently schooling two high school students. Following are some tips for homeschooling teens that have worked well in my home. 1. Give them control of their environment. When my kids were younger, they  used to do the majority of their schoolwork at the dining room table. Now that they’re teens, I have only one who still chooses to work there. My son likes to do all of his written work and math at the table, but he prefers to read in his bedroom where he can sprawl across the bed or kick back in his comfy desk chair. My daughter, on the other hand, prefers to do all of her work in her bedroom. It doesn’t matter to me where they work, as long as the work gets done. My daughter also likes to listen to music while she works. Her brother, like me, needs quiet to concentrate. Let your teen have some control over their learning  environment. The couch, the dining room, their bedroom, or the porch swing – let them work wherever they’re comfortable as long as the work is completed and acceptable. (Sometimes a table is more conducive to neat written work.) If they like to listen to music while they work, let them as long as it isn’t a distraction. I do draw the line at watching TV while doing schoolwork. I contend that no one can really concentrate on school and watch TV at the same time. 2. Give them a voice in their curriculum. If you haven’t already been doing it, the teen years are an excellent time to begin handing the curriculum choices over to your students. Take them with you to the curriculum fairs. Let them ask questions of the vendors. Have them read the reviews. Allow them to choose their topics of study. Sure, you may need to have some guidelines in place, particularly if you don’t have an especially motivated student or one who has a certain college with specific requirements in mind, but there is usually some wiggle room even within those guidelines. For example, my youngest wanted to study astronomy for science this year instead of the typical biology. Colleges often like to see subject diversity and student passion as much as they like to see specific courses and stellar standardized test scores. And college may not even be in your student’s future. 3. Allow them to manage their time. Whether your teens will be entering college, the military, or the workforce after graduation, good time management is a skill they will need throughout life. High school is an excellent opportunity to learn those skills without such high stakes as might be encountered after graduation. Because they prefer it, I give my kids an assignment sheet each week. However, they know that, for the most part, the order in which the assignments arranged are just a suggestion. As long as all of their work is completed by the end of the week, I don’t particularly care how they choose to complete it. My daughter often transfers the assignments from the sheet I provide to her planner, shuffling them around based on her preferences. For example, sometimes she might choose to double up on assignments one day of the week to clear the following day for more free time or she may choose to work in blocks, doing a few days’ science lessons in one day and a few days in history another. 4. Don’t expect them to start school at 8 a.m. Studies have shown that a teenager’s circadian rhythm is different than a younger kid’s. Their bodies shift from needing to go to sleep around 8 or 9 p.m. to needing to go to sleep around 10 or 11 p.m. instead. This also means that their wake times need to shift. One of the best benefits of homeschooling is being able to adjust our schedules to meet our families’ needs. That’s why we don’t start school at 8 a.m. As a matter of fact, starting at 11 a.m. is a really good day for us. My teens typically don’t begin the bulk of their schoolwork until after lunch. Its not unusual for them to work on school at 11 or 12 at night, after the house is quiet and distractions are few. 5. Don’t expect them to go it alone all of the time. From the time theyre young, we’re working toward developing our students ability to work independently. That doesn’t mean, however, that we should expect them to go it alone all the time as soon as they reach middle or high school. Most teens  need the accountability of daily or weekly meetings to ensure that their work is being completed  and that they’re understanding it. Teens can also benefit from having you read ahead in their books  so that you’re prepared to help if they run into difficulty. It’s frustrating for you and your teen when you have to spend half the day trying to catch up on an unfamiliar topic in order to help them with a difficult concept. You may need to fill the role of tutor or editor. I plan time each afternoon for helping my teens with their arch nemesis, math. I have also served as editor for writing assignments, marking misspelled words or grammar errors for corrections or making suggestions on how to improve their papers. It’s all part of the learning process. 6. Embrace their passions. I am a huge fan of using the high school years to allow teens to explore their passions and give them elective credit for doing so. As much as time and finances will allow, provide your teen with opportunities to explore their interests. Look for opportunities in the form of local  sports and  classes, homeschool groups and co-ops, online courses, dual enrollment, and non-credit continuing education classes. Your kids may try an activity for a while and decide it’s not for them. In other cases, it could turn into a lifelong hobby or career. Either way, each experience  allows for growth opportunity and a better self-awareness for your teen. 7. Help them find opportunities to serve in their community. Help your teen discover volunteer opportunities that mesh with their interests and abilities. The teen years are a prime time for young people to begin becoming activity involved in their local community in meaningful ways. Consider: Volunteering at a nursing home, kids’ program, homeless shelter, or animal shelterInterning or volunteering opportunities at local businessBecoming involved in local or state politicsUsing their talents to serve others (such as painting sets for a community theater, playing an instrument at your place of worship, or taking back-to-school photos for your homeschool group) Teens may grumble about service opportunities at first, but most of the kids I know find that they enjoy helping others more than they thought they would. They enjoy giving back to their community. These tips can help you prepare your teens for life after high school and help them discover who they are as individuals.

The Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire Traditionally, the Parthian Empire (Arsacid Empire) lasted from 247 B.C. – A.D. 224. The starting date is the time of which the Parthians occupied the satrapy of the Seleucid Empire known as Parthia (modern Turkmenistan). The end date marks the start of the Sassanid Empire. The founder of the Parthian Empire is said to have been Arsaces of the tribe of the Parni (a semi-nomadic steppe people), for which reason the Parthian era is also referred to as the Arsacid. There is a debate over the founding date. The high date sets the founding between 261 and 246 B.C., while the low date sets the founding between c. 240/39 and c. 237 B.C. The Extent of the Empire While the Parthian Empire started as the Parthian satrapy, it expanded and diversified. Eventually, it extended from the Euphrates to the Indus Rivers, covering Iran, Iraq, and most of Afghanistan. Although it came to embrace most of the territory occupied by the Seleucid monarchs, the Parthians never conquered Syria. The capital of the Parthian Empire was originally Arsak, but it later moved to Ctesiphon. A Sassanid prince from Fars (Persis, in southern Iran), rebelled against the last Parthian king, the Arsacid Artabanus V, thereby starting the Sassanid era. Parthian Literature In Looking East from the Classical World: Colonialism, Culture, and Trade from Alexander the Great to Shapur I, Fergus Millar says that no literature in an Iranian language survives from the entire Parthian period. He adds that there is documentation from the Parthian period, but its scanty and mostly in Greek. Government The government of the Parthian Empire has been described as an unstable, decentralized political system, but also a step in the direction of the first highly integrated, bureaucratically complex empires in Southwest Asia [Wenke]. It was, for much of its existence, a coalition of vassal states with tense relationships among rival ethnic groups. It was also subject to outside pressure from Kushans, Arabs, Romans, and others. Sources Josef Wiesehà ¶fer Parthia, Parthian empire The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Ed. Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. Oxford University Press, 1998. Elymeans, Parthians, and the Evolution of Empires in Southwestern Iran, Robert J. Wenke; Journal of the American Oriental Society (1981), pp. 303-315. Looking East from the Classical World: Colonialism, Culture, and Trade from Alexander the Great to Shapur I, by Fergus Millar; The International History Review (1998), pp. 507-531. The Date of the Secession of Parthia from the Seleucid Kingdom, by Kai Brodersen; Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte (1986), pp. 378-381

Nursing capstone phase 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing capstone phase 1 - Assignment Example The problem and event are to be defined and described factually, which will include quantitative and qualitative properties/attributes of the harmful outcomes. In this case, this will include a specification of the timing, location, magnitude, and nature of the event. Another component that will be used in this particular RCA will be the collection of data to ascertain that the problem does exist, the length of time that the problem has existed, and the impact the problem has portended on the patient (De Silvestro et al, 2013). The hemolytic transfusion reaction will be analyzed fully prior to examining the contributing factors, which will involve assembling experts from several disciplines that comprehend the situation. A third component of the RCA will involve the identification of possible causative factors, in which the RCA will seek to investigate the sequence of events leading up to the hemolytic transfusion reaction, the conditions that allowed the reaction to happen, and other problems associated with occurrence of the reaction (De Silvestro et al, 2013). As many causal factors are to be identified in this component as possible using various tools. These are appreciation to determine every possible consequences of a specific factor, using the 5 why’s to get to the reaction’s root, breaking down the problem into smaller and more detailed portions, and using cause and effect diagrams. Finally, the RCA will also use the recommendation component by seeking to provide solutions about how to prevent another occurrence of a similar reaction and the prevalent risks in implementing the provide solutions (De Silvestro et al, 2013). This component will involve an analysis of the cause and effect process, as well as identification of changes required for the department. Tools that can be used here include the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, Impact Analysis, and Continuous Improvement Analysis. During

Mining and use of Natural resouces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mining and use of Natural resouces - Essay Example olcanoes; the awareness of these hazards has made the modern man life safe through the modification of the houses and other infrastructures (Husain, 2008). The possibility of an earthquake occurring is 100 percent and that means an earthquake can occur anytime and somewhere on the earth. Asserting that an earthquake will occur does not really mean that earthquake has been predicted (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). Presently, earthquake cannot be predicted but the statement may be true due to the fact that a number of earthquakes (in millions) occur each year, thus, their occurrence daily is in thousands (they are too minute to be located). Earthquake prediction is a possibility in the future. There is an ongoing research done by USGC and other state and federal agencies, private institutions and universities. The reality of earthquake prediction is possible some day in the future but this is only when the mechanisms of earthquake are fully exploited (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). Industrialization and urbanization are responsible for different types of surface/subsurface water pollution and wastes and it has become mandatory for the schools in the developing countries to offer geoscience education. The neglect of the subject at some level of education (especially at the junior level) has caused the lack of awareness about energy conservation, environmental protection, and the conservation of other geological raw materials (Husain, 2008). With the help of the geology-based assessment methodology, it is estimated that there are about 53 (TCFG) trillion cubic feet of nonassociated natural gas in undiscovered and conventional accumulations and mean volumes of 896 million barrels of oil in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska and the adjacent State waters; this is according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The volume of undiscovered oil estimated by U.S. Geological Survey is lower than the one estimated in 2002 and this is due to the recent exploration drilling

Pricing strategies of Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pricing strategies of Apple - Essay Example The price strategy for Apple majorly lies in the fact that they endeavour to sell great phones and products at a lower cost. It therefore offers a small number of products with a focus on the high-end market while giving priority to profits over the share of the market and creating a halo effect that makes people continuously attracted to its products. Apple ensures that when it is pricing its products, it adopts strategies that in relation to the market forces unlike the usual minimal pricing of products in the market place. Therefore, the prices are made in such a way that at times it is two times what its competitor’s charge, which it gets away with through strategies in how the product is implemented. The justification for the higher price of the products y Apple is the fact that it builds beautiful products that are attractive to the consumers and have features and benefits that the competing companies cannot match. Apple strives to create a demand for its products through differentiation, which entails having attractive and unique products to the consumers, and this enables it to have total control over the prices. Apple maintains a higher price for its products which keeps away its competitors in check helps it maintain its margins in terms of profitability (Spencer, 2013). Through the focus on customers that are likely to buy at the premium prices and maintaining it at that level, the company sets a level at which its competitors must also set its prices in the market. Apple therefore offers its products at premium prices by creating a premium product which is of high quality as indicated by the features in the products which translate to a lot of value for the price which helps shore up the profits. For instance, Apple raised the price of the latest iPad Mini by sticking on its high-end pricing strategy with the sole aim of maintaining the profit margins. The new

Cartography of Africa History of Maps

Cartography of Africa History of Maps Youngmoo Kim Under the Western Eyes One of the most popular and decorative map of all early maps of Africa, Africae nova descriptio allows us to picture Africa through the eyes of Europeans in the early 1600s, the golden age of Dutch mapmaking. Unlike many historical maps that remain as mysteries, the origins of this map are identified. Published in his 1630 Atlas Novus, this cornerstone map of Africa was produced by Willem Janszoon Blaeu, a well-regarded Dutch cartographer. Blaeu was an astronomer, an instrument maker, an engraver, and a globe manufacturer. Like many map-makers of his time, he was not an explorer himself: his maps were based from narratives of sailors, traders, travelers, and explorers. In addition to the accounts, he used earlier maps as a basic template for his own as much of geographical information is still based on the Ptolemaic maps. Influences of Ptolemys Geographia, a manual on construction and drawings of maps written around 160, continued to appear in maps across Europe until 1730, apparent in Blaeus map as Ptolemaic lakes of Zaire and Zaflan are shown as the sources of the Nile (Jones). Even if the origin of this map was unknown, one could easily determine the map as Africa perceived by an outsider. The expanses of oceans, constituting a good portion of the entire map, and the prominence of the ships bearing Dutch flags on the oceans, suggest that this is a view of Africa from a maritime perspective. The majority of these ships are drawn sailing around the Cape of Good Hope, and indeed, the European interest in Africa was largely spurred initially by a quest of finding an alternative route to Asia. Written primarily in Latin, the names of places on the map are quite interesting as they are small individual puzzles that can serve as historical markers or hints that help contextualize the map. For example, Barbaria would be familiar to 17th century Europeans as the pirates and slave traders of the Barbary coast were widely feared throughout southern Europe and northern Africa. On the other hand, Nubia, labeled in the region along the Nile located in what is today sout hern Egypt, alludes to more of a historical and anthropological picture: a reference to one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa. The majority of the names represented on this map are closer approximations of indigenous names rather than names on maps that were made a century or so later. Because this 1630 map predates the full force of European colonial rule in Africa, the names are also precolonial. For instance, Libya is the precolonial name included in this map. When this territory was broadly incorporated into one huge territory under Italian colonial rule, it was simply called Italian North Africa. It was not until 1934 that the country name Libya- its current name was reintroduced (Libya Profile Timeline). And so forth, the name Libya chronicles the struggle of Libyans indigenous notions of place and space: resembling a situation in Raymond Craibs Cartographic Mexico, where officials of Veracruz attempted to redefine and codify fugitive landscapes with their own conceptions of history and territory (Craib). One of the most interesting features of the map is the cartographers way of labeling the places on the map. The names of the coastal towns and features of the map are printed inward towards the continent giving an illusion of fullness and thorough charting to the map. On closer examination, the densest areas portrayed on the map are the perimeter of the continent. In fact, several regions of interior Africa are unidentified, many of which are decorated with indigenous animals such as elephants, lions, and ostriches. Only coastal towns are named on the Cape, with the printing covering much of unknown territories. The map seems to focus on much more geographic detail in eastern Africa and the Mediterranean coast than the west or the south, a sure sign of European exploration bias. Nevertheless, the blank spaces do not accurately reflect the reality, as Africa was a thoroughly populated continent in the 1600s. Rather, they reflect the limitations of European knowledge and interests and the significance of Africa from a Eurocentric view. The sketches of towns and the illustrations showing various indigenous costumes along the border of the map further imply the coastal perspective of the continent. The side panels, depicting ten different views of costumed natives from areas which Europeans presumably had contact with, take place in coastal towns. The oval views of major cities on the top border include Alexandria, Alger, Tunis, and Mozambique. These nine city and town plans above might have been major trading ports for the Dutch, or they might have been significant places known to Blaeu through the accounts of his various sources. Another captivating cartographic feature is the identification of African territories and kingdoms outlined in color. However, these regions seem to reflect the nationhood of Africa through the eyes of Europeans. Contrary to Europe, Africa was not a place that can be easily presumed and projected onto an unexplored area. In Siam Mapped, Thongchai examines the territorial entity of Thailand by exploring its conception of nationhood. Before the late 19th century, established boundaries were nonexistent in Siamese understanding of a territory. Overlapping or multiple sovereignties were common, while areas without any jurisdiction also existed (Thongchai). Consequently, it is apparent that 17th century explorers and sailors in Africa misconstrued boundary delineations and the struggled to comprehend indigenous conceptions of boundary that may have very well existed in Africa. However, these identifications of territories would continue to be more accurate during the next few hundred year s as more traders and explorers report on hundreds of ethnic territories and tribes. In terms of the maps technical cartographic elements, this map is particularly striking in several ways. Surprisingly, the geographical representation is quite accurate- Africa portrayed on the map is a close depiction to the actual scale and the shape of the continent. Some of the key topographical elements of Africa, such as the Nile river and the lakes in eastern Africa, are present, though they are fairly inaccurate. The compass, sitting on top of the equator, is elaborately detailed, with a fleur-de-lis pointing the north- Europe. This is not much of a surprise as it signifies perfection, light, and life. Although the longitude and the latitude adds more specificity to the directional aspect, a scale or a distance measure is not present on the map. Common to maps of this era, the artistic elements of the map are, indeed, clearly out of scale. It is impossible to tell how large or small the nine towns are or their sizes relative to one another, and the animals and the ships on th e oceans are drawn at a size that wildly distorts the scale. Nonetheless, the artistry of this map is absolutely stunning. The rich colors, the elaborately drawn artwork around the border, and the whimsical creatures scattered over land and sea suggest that this was as much a work of art as a map. It is very likely that this map was a costly and valuable possession and would not be accessible to many. It certainly was not a seafaring map nor a navigational map due to its lack of details or practicality. Most likely, Blaeus readers included upper-class collectors, elites, and, perhaps, the emerging class of intellectuals who were simply curious about exotic places and took part in the expanding worldview of the Dutch in the following era. Works Cited Craib, Raymond B. Cartographic Mexico: A History of State Fixations and Fugitive Landscapes. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004. Jones, Alexander. Ptolemy. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. February 22, 2016. Accessed February 12, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy. Libya Profile Timeline. BBC News. November 21, 2016. Accessed February 16, 2017. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13755445. Thongchai, Winichakul. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-body of a Nation. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press, 2009.

The Washington Monument Essay -- Architecture History Historical Essay

The Washington Monument The most stunning monument in our capital is the Washington Monument. At 555 feet high, it is the tallest such monument in the world. It is an obelisk by shape, yet not a true obelisk because it is not carved out of a single stone. The monument was built at intervals between 1848 and 1885. It memorializes George Washington's achievements and his devotion to principles and to his country. The Washington Monument has an interesting history. The idea of a monument celebrating George Washington was first considered by the Continental Congress in 1783. However, the next three decades brought neglect by Congress to take action. Finally, in 1833 the Washington National Monument Society was organized to forward the progress of the monument. Progress was slow for the society and by 1847 they had raised $87,000. Robert Mills, a well-known architect, was soon selected to design the monument. His design called for a decorated obelisk that was 600 feet high, rising out of a circular colonnaded building. This building was to be a 'temple' , an American pantheon, which would house statues of presidents and national heroes, including a large statue of George Washington. The design changed over the years and finally settled on a the obelisk without decoration as we know today. The building progressed well until the civil war. At this time construction was halted for almost 25 years. This left the unfinished obelisk standing 150 feet. Finally, on August 2, 1876, President Grant ordered the completion of the monument. The capstone was placed on the monument on December 6, 1884 and it was finally dedicated on February 21, 1885. Elevators were first powered by a steam hoist. The current elevator was installed in 195... ...ke the ancient Egyptians, we still raise monuments to commemorate our present day heroes. Although today these monuments are ordered and directed by the general public and not by the king or hero themselves. (This probably accounted for the difficulty in final completion of the Washington Monument) The long history or the obelisk being built, toppled, and stolen, further illustrates the ideas it contains. It stood for power and divinity. Today, the Washington Monument stands as a symbol of George Washington's contribution to our nation and our citizens still pay tribute to the great leader. Works Cited: Badawy, Alexander. A History of Egyptian Architecture. University of California Press. 1968. Tompkins, Peter. The Magic of Obelisks. Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1981. Engelbach, L. The Problem of the Obelisks. T. Fisher Unwin Limited, London, 1923.